what caused the fall of Umayyad dynasty

كَمَا تَـرَاهُ آتِيَـاً نِظَامُـهُ (1)
عَمَّا يُحِيْطُ المُلْـكَ بِالثَّبَاتِ (2) 
بما يَمُدُّ المُلْكَ بِالسَّلامَـةِ

فَبِئْسَمَـا قَضَـوْهُ بِاخْتِيَارِ(3)
لمْ يُصْلِحُوا في شَعْبِهِمْ وَسَامُواْ(4) بِدَفْعِهِ الأَمْـوَالَ أَرْهَقُـوْهُ(5)
قَدْ أَبْعَدُوْهُمْ فَقَضَوا جِهَارَاْ

كَمَا أَضَاعُوا الرَّأْيَ والتَّسْدِيْدَاْ
وَوَرَّثُواْ مُلْكَهُمُ كُلَّ وَلَدْ
وَقَدْ تَضَعْضَعَتْ بِهِ دَوْلَتُهُـمْ
ثمَّ القَبَائِلُ قَلَتْ دَوْلَتُهُمْ
وَالبُغْضُ في بَني أُمَيَّةٍ سَعَىْ

بِكُلِّ مَا فِيْهِ أَذَىً وَ دَاءُ(9)​

لَكِنَّمَا سُقُوطُهُـمْ أَسْبَابُـهُ
مِنْ شُغْلِهِمْ بِاللَّهْوِ واللَّذَّاتِ 
وعَدَمُ الحَزْمِ و الاِسْتِقَامَةِ

وجَوْرُ عُمَّالِهِمُ الأَشْرَارِ
وَوُزَرَاءِ الدَّوْلَةِ الظُّلاَّمُ
وظَلَمُوا الشَّعْبَ وأَغْرَقُوهُ

وقَرَّبُوا الأَشْرَارَ، و الأَخْيَارَا

وأَهْمَلُوا الشُّؤُونَ وَ البَرِيْدَا(6)
وجَعَلُوا وِلايَةَ العَهْدِ عَدَدْ(7)
وقَدْ سَرَى الشِّقَاقُ فِيْمَا بَيْنَهُمْ
و العَصَبِيَّةَ جَوَتْ أُمًّتَهُمْ (8)
وكَرِهَ المواليَ العُرْبَ مَعَاْ

وقَامَتِ الأَحْزَابُ و الأَعْدَاءُ​

(1) In the following the author Allah mercy his soul mentioned the reasons and factors for the downfall  of Umayyad state. It is noted that these reasons were focused on the late rulers of the Umayyad state policy and their dependence on the power of their state.

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(2) Sheikh Mohammed ALKhudari beik talked about the reasons for the downfall of the Umayyad state that among it Some Umayyad caliphs especially the late successors who used to choose ineligible rulers for the regions under the Islamic government depending on their desire and choosing men who have a good reputation in bravery .It has been known that Suliman bin Abdul Malik after his being the caliphate he attend to humiliate every person was supporting Al-Walid depriving him-self and his nation from utilizing the benefits’ of their experiences. An example of this bad actions was his assassination of Ali Bin AlQasim and Qutaiba bin Muslim who were a great two commanders from Qais bin Eilan, whom have no fault except considering them a bitter enemy due to being rulars and commanders in the era of ALHajjaj who favored Al-Walid over Suliman as the Muslims Calipha. When AlYazid Bin Abdul Malik came to power he was amateur to Al-Hajjaj because they were his in laws ,while Yazid ibn al-Muhallab tortured Al-Hajjaj Family so he was afraid and panicking and the result was that Al-Muhallab bin Abi ALSufrah family were lost ,the family that was considered famous for their obedience for Allah since Islam rise, being servants for Umayyad and the Islamic nation ,the action that coerce many of Muslims to seek support against the last of Umayyad  who were not only ineligible but also without any political vision. They remained busy all the time in marry making, living luxurious life, enjoying music and dance. This life style also attracts their governors who also followed the trend. Due to these unlogical actions and  bad behavior, the political system was destroyed and the disorder and anarchy  spread in their state which resulted in the downfall of the Umayyads. (State of the Umayyad p. 576).

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(3) Their bad choices of their rulers and governors on the cities and regions under their distractions’. Many rulers described by being unfair with the citizens without being restricted by the Emir.

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(4) The injustice done to the  state citizens by the ministers surrounding the ruler and ruling people by his name.

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(5) The Financial injustice practiced on people by taking the taxes and bribes to a degree that flooded people in debt.

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(6) They neglected the postal system that was created by Muawiya, then it was developed further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time (Studies in the History of the Arabs - History of the Arab state, Dr. Abdul Aziz Salem p. 410-411, quoting from Ibn Taba Taba 106).

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(7) Sheikh Mohammed ALKhudari beik said: In the Umayyad era, , the authority of Imamate was the main cause for their  breakaway. Although the government was confined to two of the family following each other as Marwan was the first to do so as he appointed Abdul Malik and then Abdul Aziz for the succession of him until Abdulmalik who desired to turn the state of his reign to his son and the isolation of his brother but he was stopped by fate as Abdul Aziz death was prior to his plans and then he appointed Al-Walid and Suliman , Alwalid as well thought of isolating Suliman and appointing his son but fate also interfered and plans were post pond .  Suleiman, then did not benefit from what happened and appointed Omar bin Abdul Aziz, to be followed by Yazid II who disliked Omar and said he killed him by poison. Yazid II repeated the same mistake he appointed his brother Hisham to succeed him followed by his son Al-Walid, Hisham also wanted to isolate Al-Walid. Due to the above a gap  was created between them both that made people biased towards Hisham but his death stopped his plans and encouraged Al-Walid to revenge from his Opponents including his cousins and closed relatives’ which resulted in the a harbinger of desolation that caused their downfall and historian remains (State of the Umayyad p. 573).

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(8) Sheikh Mohammed ALKhudari beik wrote about the reasons that led to the downfall of Umayyad : The Tribal Prejudice: Holy Prophet (pbuh) demolished all the racial and nationalistic discriminations. Four rightly guided caliphs also followed the traditions of Prophet (pbuh) and they never discriminated between Arabs and non Arabs. Every Muslim was elected and took charge of occupation in government due to his abilities and wisdom irrespective of his color, race, and nationality, but unfortunately in the Marwanin state it was activated during  The Battle of Marj Rahit (Arabic: معركة مرج راهط‎‎, Yawm Mardj Rāhiṭ)  the battle that was one of the early battles of the Second Islamic Civil War between the armies of the Yemen under Hassan bin Majdal Kalbi, supporting the Umayyads under Caliph Marwan I, and the Banu Qays under al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, who supported Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr, who had proclaimed himself Caliph at Mecca. 

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The result was that the soldiers who sent led  by Obaidullah Bin Ziad to fight Mukhtar bin Obaid Althagafi almost defeated , Omar bin Hubab AlSelmi was  marching near to the army and he was from Qias Bin Eilan ,when the war started beside the river of Al-khazar he was the first to invert the flags and called for revenge for AlMarj killers and by that they were defeated by the Levant soldiers Ubaidullah was killed as many of the Jund al-Sham. That was in the same time that the pre-Islamic paganism tribalism was restarting between Qais & Yemen in the Levant that was more intense than Khurasan ,as when Muslim Bin Yazid  knew about the death of Yazid he left it and appointed Muhallab ibn Abi ALSufrah AlAzdi from Yemen .

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When Muslim BinYazid reached Sarkhas he met Suliman Ibn Marthad who was from Rabe’ah and blamed him for choosing a man from Yemen,  BinYazid  then appointed him to be the rular for Maroraz , Taleghan ,Farabian and Aljosjan and he appointed Aws bin Tha’laba rular to Harat . Then when he arrived Nishapur he met Abdullah bin Khazim and he asked him who he had appointed on Khorasan?  When he answered, again Abdullah bin Khazim blamed him for choosing a man who broke up between Rabia and Yemen and asked to be appointed on Khorasan! And Muslim did.  Ibn Khazim then went to MRO took out all whom from Rabia’a tripe then went to Aws bin Tha’alaba in Bharat who asked him to march to Ibn Khazim and take out Mudr from Khorasan , he agreed and gave them the oth for that and he did indeed. then marched and fought them in Harat and defeated them, then he marched to Mura as Banu Tamim were supporters for Ibn Khazim because they are from Mudr and when he ruled Khorasan he ignored them and war started between them and by this Arabs in Khorasan were divided into four groups Yemen, Rabia, Qais ,Eilan and Tamim. The first three gathered to Nizar and the last two gathered to Mudr.

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Rulers of that era were helping in raising the nationalistic discriminations among people, so if Yemeni for example was appointed as a ruler, most of his helpers and workers in the region he is ruling will be Yemeni same as him, and if he was followed by a ruler from Mudr , he will do more in killing the Yemeni rulers and destroy their  achievements. This happened in every country in the region as the nation suffered from the internal corruption and made Umayyad enemies and ravers more and people within Umayyad became against each other. In the end of Umayyad’s era, situation became worst and leaders played off one against the other for personal motives. The level of prejudice increased and this enmity and internal wars affected Arabs badly and decreased  their political power.

Umayyad’s dynasty was dependent on Arabs power and strengths, and their decline became the reason of Umayyad’s downfall. The  results  of the racial discrimination’s appeared when Abu Muslim Al-Kharasani propagated against Umayyad’s cruelty and tyranny, as new Muslims and non- Arabs became their supporters and became the reason of the downfall of this dynasty.
 

Without forgetting  that the Arabic poets in this state  played a major hand in the development of these discriminations as Al-Akhtal , Al-Farazdaq  and Jarir .

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Nothing hurt the nations than the divided communities which belong to different elements that always lead to evanescence.

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The loss of Banu Umayyad authority weaken the roots of  the Arabic world, So Banu Abbas wiped out their dynasty and set on the throne of authority and allowed the Persians  to rule instead of Arabs . (State of the Umayyad p. 573-575).

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(9) According to the reasons mentioned above, people gathered against them, and people deviated from those rulers who became morally corrupted, addicted to luxurious life and antigovernmental agents took advantage of the circumstances and put it to end.